The Fiscal Council is an independent statutory body that acts as Ireland’s budgetary watchdog.
It is responsible for providing an honest and independent assessment of how the Government is managing the public finances and the economy.
It comprises a five-member part-time Council and a full-time staff or “Secretariat” that supports its work.
Who we are
How we work
Our corporate governance reporting
Other transparency initiatives
- Freedom of Information
- Correspondence to the Minister for Finance
- Official responses to our reports
- Minutes of meetings
- Parliamentary questions
- Oireachtas engagements
- Prompt payments requirements
- Protected Disclosures
The Council
Seamus Coffey is a lecturer in the Department of Economics in University College Cork. His research and writing focuses on the performance of the Irish economy and the public finances. Seamus was a member of the Irish Fiscal Advisory Council from 2016 and was Chair of the Council from January 2017 until December 2019. In October 2016, Seamus was appointed the independent expert by the Minister for Finance to undertake a review of Ireland’s Corporation Tax code. He served on the Commission on Pensions which published its report in October 2021. He is also a member of The National Economic and Social Council, the external advisory board to the Irish Governmental Economic Evaluation Service, and is the current president of the Irish Economic Association. Seamus is a sometime contributor to print, broadcast and online media relating to the Irish economy including fiscal outcomes, corporation tax, household debt, national accounts and other economic issues. Mr. Coffey’s term of office as a member of the Council began on 22 August 2024 and runs for an initial four-year term, with the possibility of reappointment for up to two further four-year terms. His appointment as Chair began on 23 August 2024.
Prof Michael McMahon is a Macroeconomist and is currently a Professor of Macroeconomics at the University of Oxford and Senior Research Fellow of St Hugh’s College. He is a research fellow of the Centre Economic Policy Research (CEPR), Deputy Director of the Nuffield Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Policy (NUCAMP) and Director for Impact at CAGE, Warwick. He previously worked at the Bank of England where for three years he was a euro-area economist doing both analytical and forecasting work. During this time, he served as one of the UK’s two representatives on the European Commission’s Experts Group on Economic Forecasting. He has also worked for the IMF’s Institute for Capacity Development in Singapore. His initial term of appointment to the Irish Fiscal Advisory Council was 4 years effective 18 April 2019. He was reappointed for a second 4 year term effective 18 April 2023. In December 2020, the Council appointed Michael as Vice-Chairperson to the Fiscal Council. In July 2023, the Minister for Finance appointed Michael as Acting Chairperson to the Fiscal Council. He remained in this role until August 2024.
Dr Adele Bergin is an Associate Research Professor at the Economic and Social Research Institute, where she is a joint research area coordinator for macroeconomics. She is an adjunct Professor at the Department of Economics in Trinity College Dublin and a Research Fellow with the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn, Germany. She holds a Ph.D. in Economics from NUI Maynooth, a Masters of Science (Economics and Econometrics) from the University of Bristol and a B.A. (Economics) from Trinity College Dublin. Dr. Bergin was a Council Member of the Irish Economic Association from 2014 to 2020 and is the Policy Section Editor for the Economic and Social Review. Her initial term of appointment to the Irish Fiscal Advisory Council was 4 years effective 1 January 2021. She was reappointed for a second 4 year term effective 1 January 2025.
Mr Alessandro Giustiniani, an Italian national, is a former staff member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) where he was most recently the lead country desk economist for Ireland responsible for developing the macroeconomic framework and the analysis of the sustainability of public debt. Previously, he was a senior staff member in the IMF’s Monetary and Capital Markets Department and the in the Western Hemisphere Department. Prior to joining the IMF staff, he served as Senior Advisor to Italy’s Executive Director at the IMF’s Executive Board and as a Division Chief in the Research Department of the Bank of Italy. Mr. Giustiniani has published widely on issues relating to exchange rates, international macroeconomics, and banking. He is a graduate of the University of Rome, “La Sapienza” and of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies of Geneva. His initial term of appointment to the Irish Fiscal Advisory Council was 4 years effective 1 January 2021. He was reappointed for a second 4 year term effective 1 January 2025.
Prof. Stephen Millard is the Deputy Director of Macroeconomic Modelling and Forecasting at the National Institute of Economic and Social Research in the United Kingdom. He has been a Visiting Professor at the Durham University Business School since 2011 and at the University of Portsmouth since October 2021. Stephen previously worked at the Bank of England. His research interests include inflation dynamics, the labour market, monetary and macroprudential policy. Stephen has a PhD from Northwestern University, where he studied with the late Nobel Laureate Dale Mortensen. His initial appointment commenced on 17 June 2024. He was reappointed for a 4 year term effective 1 January 2025.
How members are appointed
The Council’s members are appointed by the Minister for Finance, with the Fiscal Responsibility Act 2012 governing how appointments are made. Members are to be appointed based on their experience and competence in domestic and international macroeconomic and fiscal matters.
The appointments follow Public Appointments Service guidelines. A selection committee, including representatives from the Public Appointments Service, the Department of Finance, the Council Chair, and an external stakeholder, reviews applications and shortlists candidates for the Minister’s final decision.
The standard term is four years, with appointments initially having staggered lengths of 2–4 years. Council members can serve a maximum of three consecutive terms but can also be reappointed at a later time.
For further details on appointments click here.
The Secretariat
This is the Council’s full-time Secretariat, which supports the work of the Council.
Eddie Casey is Chief Economist and Head of Secretariat. He was on a staff loan to the OECD from December 2023 to August 2024. He was seconded to the Council in 2013 and joined as a Senior Economist in 2014. He was previously employed as an Economist in the NTMA and as a Research Assistant in the ESRI and Central Bank of Ireland. His research has primarily focused on macroeconomic analysis/forecasting. Eddie holds a PhD in Macroeconomics from University College Dublin, and first-class honours degrees in M.Sc. Financial Economics and B.A. Economics from University College Cork.
Niall Conroy is a Senior Economist at the Irish Fiscal Advisory Council. From December 2023 to August 2024, he was Acting Chief Economist and Head of Secretariat. He joined the Secretariat as a Senior Economist in 2015. Prior to joining the Secretariat in November 2015, he worked at the Economic and Social Research Institute, where his work focused on macroeconomic modelling and forecasting. Niall holds first class honours degrees in M.A. (Economics) and B.A. (Economics and Mathematical Studies) from UCD.
Killian Carroll is a Senior Economist at the Irish Fiscal Advisory Council. He joined the Secretariat as an Economist in September 2018. He holds first class honours degrees in MSc. Quantitative Economics from University College Dublin and BSc. Economics and Mathematical Sciences from University of Limerick. He has previously worked as a Risk Analyst at FundRock Management Company S.A. in Luxembourg.
Brian Cronin joined the Secretariat as an Economist in November 2022. He holds first class honours degrees in MSc. Economics and Policy Analysis from University of Limerick and BSc International Business with French from University College Cork. He previously worked as an economic consultant with EY.
Karen Bonner is the Administrator and Secretary to the Fiscal Council. Karen joined the Secretariat in November 2018 having spent the past 14 years working for a Statutory & Regulatory Body, the Veterinary Council of Ireland (VCI) as Office Manager and Secretary to both its Audit, Risk & Finance Committee and Fitness to Practise Committee. Karen holds a Bachelor of Business (Hons) in Management from the Institute of Technology Carlow, and a Professional Certificate in Regulatory Affairs.
Our Mandate
The Fiscal Council operates independently.
Our mandate is to:
1. Assess whether the Government’s overall fiscal stance will help manage the economy and public finances prudently
2. Endorse official economic forecasts
3. Assess official economic and fiscal forecasts
4. Monitor whether the Government is complying with the national Budgetary Rule.
The Fiscal Responsibility Act established the Council. It also legislated for national and EU fiscal rules.
The Council was assigned the role of the independent body that would endorse the Department of Finance’s official economic forecasts. This was on the back of EU regulations introduced in July 2013 and it was implemented by Ministers and Secretaries Amendment Act (2013).
The way the endorsement works is set out in the Memorandum of Understanding between the Council and the Department of Finance.
Our Output
The Council produces regular analysis and reports that support the fulfilment of its mandate. These include the twice yearly Fiscal Assessment Reports, its Pre-Budget Statements, and its Long-term Sustainability Report.
To support the Council’s delivery of its mandate, the Council also produces occasional research and other analytical work on the Irish economy, macroeconomic forecasting, and fiscal policy.
Our funding
The Irish Fiscal Advisory Council is funded from the Central Fund. The Council’s governing legislation, the Fiscal Responsibility Act, sets out the terms of this funding. Annual budgets are subject to a ceiling of €800,000, adjusted by the annual percentage change in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices. The Council determines its budget within this ceiling.
Other Fiscal Councils
Ireland has two independent fiscal institutions. The other is the Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO). In contrast to the Council, the PBO is specifically focused on assisting the Houses of the Oireachtas and their Committees with analysis and advice on macroeconomic and fiscal developments and the financial implications of budgetary proposals. For more information on the PBO, see www.oireachtas.ie/pbo.
There are also a large number of independent fiscal institutions internationally.
Members of Network of EU Independent Fiscal Institutions
OECD Independent Fiscal Institutions Database (2019)
External Reviews of the Irish Fiscal Advisory Council
The Council has had two independent evaluations of its output.
OECD Review (2021)
This review was conducted by an expert team led by the OECD. The project was funded by the European Union, and implemented by the OECD in cooperation with the European Commission’s Directorate General for Structural Reform Support (DG REFORM). The review was informed by virtual visits for stakeholder interviews in summer 2020 and the final report was published in February 2021.
- OECD Review of the Irish Fiscal Advisory Council
- Technical Assessment of the Irish Fiscal Advisory Council’s Methodological Approaches
- Fiscal Council Press Release
Independent peer review (2015)
appointed an independent peer review group to provide an independent evaluation of the Fiscal Council’s outputs in line with the Fiscal Council’s Strategic Plan 2014–2016. The panel’s final report was submitted to the Fiscal Council and sent by the Council to the Minister for Finance and to the Oireachtas Joint Committee on Finance and Public Expenditure and Reform.
More information on what Fiscal Councils do
- What should fiscal councils do?
—paper by Lars Calmfors, Stockholm University and Swedish Fiscal Policy Council and Simon Wren-Lewis, Oxford University. - The Office for Budget Responsibility: can we make a difference?
—Robert Chote, Chairman, Office for Budget Responsibility. Ken Dixon Lecture, University of York, 13 June 2011.
Annual Reports & Accounts
The Council operates within public sector governance regulations and procedures. This includes those set out in the Code of Practice for the Governance of State Bodies. The Council’s Code of Conduct outlines the agreed standards of principle and practice which inform the conduct of council members and employees.
The Council publishes annual reports and accounts, plus it publishes a Strategic Plan every three years.
2023 Annual Report & Accounts (published Sep 2024)
2022 Annual Report & Accounts (published Oct 2023)
2021 Annual Report & Accounts (published Sep 2022)
2020 Annual Report & Accounts (published Sep 2021)
2019 Annual Report & Accounts (published Sep 2020)
2018 Annual Report & Accounts (published Aug 2019)
2017 Annual Report & Accounts (published Oct 2018)
2016 Annual Report & Accounts (published July 2017)
2015 Annual Report & Accounts (published July 2016)
2014 Annual Report & Accounts (published Jul 2015)
2013 Annual Report & Accounts (published Aug 2014)
Strategic Plans
Strategic Plan 2023–2025 (published Jan 2023)
Strategic Plan 2020–2022 (published Jan 2020)
Strategic Plan 2017–2019 (published Aug 2017)
Strategic Plan 2014–2016 (published Mar 2014)
Freedom of Information
The Irish Fiscal Advisory Council is a prescribed body under the Freedom of Information (FOI) Acts 1997, 2003, and 2014.
FOI establishes three statutory rights:
- The right to access official records held by Government Departments or other public bodies listed in the Act;
- A right for each person to have official information relating to himself or herself amended where it is incomplete, incorrect or misleading; and,
- A right to obtain reasons for decisions affecting oneself.
You can find out more about Freedom of Information and the legislation, structure, rules and functions of the Council.
FOI related enquiries can be sent to: admin@fiscalcouncil.ie.
Access to Environmental Information
The European Communities (Access to Information on the Environment) Regulations 2007 came into force on 1 May 2007 and the European Communities (Access to Information on the Environment) (Amendment) Regulations 2011 came into force on 23 December 2011. Both pieces of legislation are to be read together and construed as one and are referred to as the European Communities (Access to Information on the Environment) Regulations 2007 to 2011, and were amended by the European Communities (Access to Information on the Environment)(Amendment) Regulations 2014. Further details
Minutes of Council meetings
2016 Minutes
2015 Minutes
2014 Minutes
2013 Minutes
Correspondence to the Minister for Finance
- Letter to Minister McGrath, 24.01.24
- Letter to Minister Noonan, 19.11.13
- Letter to Minister Noonan, 05.04.13
- Letter to Minister Noonan, 10.09.12
- Letter to Minister Noonan, 30.03.12
- Letter to Minister Noonan, 24.01.12
- Letter to Minister Noonan, 10.10.11
Official responses to our Fiscal Assessment Reports (FARs)
- Response to FAR December 2024
- Response to FAR June 2024
- Response to FAR December 2023
- Response to FAR June 2023
- Response to FAR November 2022
- Response to FAR May 2022
- Response to FAR December 2021
- Response to FAR May 2021
- Response to FAR December 2020
- Response to FAR May 2020
- Response to FAR June 2019
- Response to FAR, November 2018
- Response to FAR, June 2018
- Response to FAR, November 2017
- Response to FAR, June 2017
- Letter response, 16.12.2016
- Letter response, 28.07.2016
- Letter response, 27.01.16
- Letter response, 24.07.15
- Letter response, 09.01.15
- Letter response, 20.12.13
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Parliamentary Questions that mention the Irish Fiscal Advisory Council
Oireachtas engagements
The Council regularly appears before Oireachtas Committees to discuss its work.
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 23 Oct 2024
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 18 Sep 2024
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 19 Jun 2024
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 28 Feb 2024
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 13 Dec 2023
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 22 Nov 2023
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 20 Sep 2023
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 22 Jun 2023
Committee on Finance, Public Expenditure and Reform, and Taoiseach debate, 10 May 2023
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Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 30 Nov 2022
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 7 Sep 2022
Committee on Finance, Public Expenditure and Reform, and Taoiseach, 13 Jul 2022
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 1 Jun 2022
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 8 Dec 2021
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 22 Sep 2021
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 27 May 2021
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 8 Dec 2020
Committee on Covid-19 Response, 16 Jun 2020
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 4 Dec 2019
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 11 Sep 2019
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 11 Jun 2019
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 5 Dec 2018
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 19 Sep 2018
Committee on Budgetary Oversight, 13 Jun 2018
Prompt Payments by Public Sector Bodies Reporting
The Fiscal Council’s quarterly reports track its compliance with the 15-day prompt payment commitment. It uses a revised template that includes late payment interest and compensation costs.
Protected Disclosures
The Council reports annually on protected disclosures received and any related actions. For each year from 2014 through 2024, the Council received no protected disclosures, such that “nil” entries applied for each reporting period up to December 31st of each year.